ROBINS-I

1. Bias due to Confounding

   - Were confounding variables measured and adjusted for in the analysis?

   - Were the strategies to control for confounding appropriate and effective?

2. Bias in Selection of Participants into the Study

   - How were participants selected?

   - Were there differences in the groups being compared that could affect the outcomes?

3. Bias in Classification of Interventions

   - How was the intervention classified or defined?

   - Was there potential misclassification of the intervention status?

4. Bias due to Deviations from Intended Interventions

   - Were there deviations from the intended intervention?

   - How were these deviations managed in the study analysis?

5. Bias due to Missing Data

   - How much data were missing for each variable?

   - Were missing data handled appropriately in the analysis?

6. Bias in Measurement of Outcomes

   - Were the methods of measuring outcomes consistent across groups?

   - Is there evidence that the measurement of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of the intervention received?

7. Bias in Selection of the Reported Result

   - Were the reported results pre-specified or exploratory?

   - Are there concerns that the reported analyses were selected based on the results?